[Jan 06, 2024] Free Nokia Optical Network Services Expert 4A0-220 Exam Question
4A0-220 dumps & Nokia Optical Network Services Expert sure practice dumps
Nokia's GMPLS-Controlled Optical Networks certification is recognized globally as an industry standard. It is an essential qualification for professionals who work in the telecommunications industry and want to advance their careers. Having this certification can enhance your credibility and increase your job opportunities.
Nokia 4A0-220 certification exam is an important credential for professionals who work with GMPLS-controlled optical networks and want to demonstrate their expertise in this area. By passing 4A0-220 exam, candidates can prove to employers and clients that they have the skills and knowledge needed to design, configure, and troubleshoot complex optical networks using Nokia solutions.
NEW QUESTION # 22
What is the purpose of the RSVP-TE Notify message?
- A. It is the node's alarm control channel
- B. It is confirmation of a node's resource reservation
- C. It is a mechanism to inform the NM5 of L5P events
- D. It is a mechanism to inform non-adjacent nodes of LSP events
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
RSVP-TE Notify message is a message type defined in the RSVP-TE protocol, which is an extension of the RSVP protocol for MPLS traffic engineering. RSVP-TE Notify message is used to inform non-adjacent nodes of LSP events, such as setup, modification, or teardown. This allows the nodes to update their local state information and perform actions based on the notification. For example, a Notify message can be used to trigger a fast reroute mechanism in case of a link or node failure12. References:
* 1: RFC 3473 - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions
* 2: RFC 3471 - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Functional Description
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which of the following is not a key feature of GMPLS?
- A. Fast protection
- B. Self-discovery
- C. Restoration
- D. Resource optimization
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS is a protocol suite that extends the MPLS signaling and routing capabilities to control different types of switching technologies, such as optical, TDM, and packet switching1. GMPLS has several key features, such as self-discovery, fast protection, and restoration. Self-discovery allows GMPLS nodes to automatically discover their neighbors and exchange information about their capabilities and resources2. Fast protection enables GMPLS nodes to quickly switch to backup paths in case of a failure, without relying on the control plane3. Restoration allows GMPLS nodes to dynamically establish new paths in the network after a failure, using the control plane3. Resource optimization is not a key feature of GMPLS, but rather a potential benefit of using GMPLS to efficiently utilize the network resources and avoid over-provisioning. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: GMPLS - Nokia
* 3: Traffic survivability through Protection and Restoration Combined (PRC) - YouTube
* [4]: GMPLS: Architecture and Applications - Google Books
NEW QUESTION # 24
A network with ROADM GMPLS nodes and optical transponder connections could have:
- A. L0 and LI restoration capabilities
- B. No restoration capabilities
- C. L1 restoration capabilities
- D. L0 restoration capabilities
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
A network with ROADM GMPLS nodes and optical transponder connections could have both L0 and L1 restoration capabilities. L0 restoration refers to the ability of the network to recover from failures at the optical layer, such as fiber cuts or node failures, by rerouting the affected LSPs to alternative paths at the same layer.
L0 restoration can be achieved by using GMPLS signaling protocols, such as RSVP-TE or CR-LDP, to establish backup LSPs in advance or on demand. L0 restoration can provide fast recovery times and high availability for optical services34. L1 restoration refers to the ability of the network to recover from failures at the sub-wavelength layer, such as transponder failures or wavelength unavailability, by rerouting the affected LSPs to alternative paths at a higher layer. L1 restoration can be achieved by using GMPLS routing protocols, such as OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE, to advertise the sub-wavelength information and availability to other nodes in the network. L1 restoration can provide more flexibility and efficiency for sub-wavelength services56.
References:
* 3: GMPLS - Nokia
* 4: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 5: Sub-Wavelength Switching - Nokia
* 6: Sub-Wavelength Switching in Optical Networks - IEEE Xplore
NEW QUESTION # 25
What is a Label Switched Path (LSP)?
- A. The path created by MPLS nodes
- B. A switched protection path
- C. A High Order Container for client signal
- D. A protocol used by nodes to exchange information about the state of labels
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
A Label Switched Path (LSP) is the path created by MPLS nodes that use labels to forward packets across the network. A label is a short identifier that is attached to each packet and indicates the next hop or destination of the packet. The nodes use a label forwarding table to switch packets based on their labels, without inspecting the packet headers. This can improve the performance, security, and quality of service of the network. An LSP can be established by using GMPLS protocols such as OSPF-TE and RSVP-TE, which exchange information about the network topology, resources, and constraints. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 26
In a 1830PSS MRN network, when can groups of links be combined (bundled) together in a single TE-Link?
- A. Only within layer 0 networks
- B. Both within layer 0 and 1 networks
- C. Only within layer 1 networks
- D. Never
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
In a 1830PSS MRN network, groups of links can be combined (bundled) together in a single TE-Link both within layer 0 and 1 networks. A TE-Link is a logical representation of one or more physical links that share the same attributes and can be used to establish Label Switched Paths (LSPs). A TE-Link can be either single-layer or multi-layer, depending on the switching capabilities of the links. In a single-layer TE-Link, all the links belong to the same layer, either layer 0 (optical) or layer 1 (OTN). In a multi-layer TE-Link, the links belong to different layers, such as layer 0 and layer 1. A TE-Link can be either bundled or unbundled, depending on the number of links it contains. A bundled TE-Link contains more than one link, while an unbundled TE-Link contains only one link. A bundled TE-Link can provide more bandwidth and flexibility than an unbundled TE-Link. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 3.
GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 27
How can you modify the SNC Nominal Route in NFM-T?
- A. By using the Reroute Wizard to modify the constraints
- B. By changing the SRG constraints
- C. By putting the LSP in Test mode and moving traffic
- D. By using the Constraint Wizard to modify the constraints
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The SNC Nominal Route is the default or preferred route that is assigned to an LSP when it is created. The SNC Nominal Route is determined by the constraints that are specified by the user during the LSP creation process, such as cost, SRLG, color, bandwidth, protection, and regeneration. The user can modify the SNC Nominal Route in NFM-T by using the Constraint Wizard, which is a tool that allows the user to change the constraints for an existing LSP. The Constraint Wizard will then compute a new SNC Nominal Route based on the modified constraints and update the LSP accordingly34. References:
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 4: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 28
What is the meaning of Generalized in GMPLS?
- A. GMPLS can be used for traffic types other than data packets
- B. Unlike MPLS, GMPLS supports multi-vendor networks
- C. Switching can be based on values other than the label
- D. The label can assume an extended value range, and is not constrained as it is with MPLS
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS stands for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching, which is a protocol suite that extends MPLS to control different types of switching technologies, such as optical, TDM, and packet switching1. The meaning of Generalized in GMPLS is that it can be used for traffic types other than data packets, such as wavelengths, time slots, or fibers2. GMPLS can also use implicit labels that are derived from the physical properties of the data stream, such as wavelength or timeslot, instead of explicit labels that are carried in the packet header3. This allows GMPLS to support various transport networks and applications, such as optical transport networks (OTN), wavelength switched optical networks (WSON), and automatic switched optical networks (ASON)4. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: What is MPLS and GMPLS? - Metaswitch
* 3: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 4: GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which of the following statements about the Wait for Server Restoration (WSR) parameter in the MRN is correct?
- A. When WSR is false, the LI services do not wait for the LO restoration and restore through LI switching.
- B. When WSR is true, the LO optical channel remains in the link until the failure is fixed.
- C. When WSR is true, the LO channels do not wait for the LI services to restore.
- D. When WSR is false, if the failed optical channel can be restored at LO, the data traffic stays in the tunnel.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The Wait for Server Restoration (WSR) parameter in the MRN is a boolean parameter that determines whether an LI service should wait for the LO restoration or not in case of a failure.When WSR is false, the LI services do not wait for the LO restoration and restore through LI switching. This means that if an LO optical channel fails, the LI services that use that channel will switch to another available optical channel at LI layer without waiting for the LO layer to restore the failed channel. This option provides faster restoration time for LI services, but may result in suboptimal resource utilization at LO layer. When WSR is true, the LI services wait for the LO restoration and do not switch at LI layer. This means that if an LO optical channel fails, the LI services that use that channel will remain in that channel until the LO layer restores it or until a timeout occurs.
This option provides optimal resource utilization at LO layer, but may result in longer restoration time for LI services. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 3. GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 30
When should two physical connections belong to the same SRG?
- A. When they share the same risk of failure
- B. When they are both selected during the setup process
- C. When one is the protection of the other
- D. When they are fully disjoint respective to the risk of failure
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
A Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) is a set of links sharing a common resource, which affects all links in the set if the common resource fails5. These links share the same risk of failure and are therefore considered to belong to the same SRLG. For example, links sharing a common fiber are said to be in the same SRLG because a fault with the fiber might cause all links in the group to fail. SRLGs are used in MPLS and GMPLS networks to provide traffic engineering and protection/restoration mechanisms. When computing the secondary path for an LSP, it is preferable to find a path such that the secondary and primary paths do not have any links in common in case the SRLGs for the primary and secondary paths are disjoint6. This ensures that a single point of failure on a particular link does not bring down both the primary and secondary paths in the LSP. References:
* 5: Shared risk resource group - Wikipedia
* 6: Shared Risk Link Groups for MPLS | Junos OS | Juniper Networks
NEW QUESTION # 31
Which of the following information is present in every GMPLS-enabled node?
- A. The bandwidth of each client path in the entire network
- B. The list of LSPs created in the entire network
- C. The state of each link in the entire network
- D. The frequency of each client path in the entire network
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS-enabled nodes use routing protocols, such as OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE, to exchange information about the topology and the state of the links in the network12. This information includes the link attributes, such as bandwidth, wavelength, protection, and shared risk link groups (SRLGs)3. The state of each link indicates whether it is up or down, available or reserved, and so on. This information is used by GMPLS-enabled nodes to compute feasible paths for LSPs and to avoid routing loops or conflicts. The bandwidth and the frequency of each client path are not present in every GMPLS-enabled node, but only in the ingress and egress nodes that initiate and terminate the LSPs. The list of LSPs created in the entire network is also not present in every GMPLS-enabled node, but only in the nodes that are involved in the LSPs or that maintain a global view of the network. References:
* 1: GMPLS - Nokia
* 2: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which of the following best describes the Soft Shutting Down state in the NFM-T?
- A. An administrative maintenance state where services stay up but no new traffic can be routed over the TE-link
- B. A transient state where current SNCs are soft-rerouted away from the TE-link
- C. An automatic shutdown of a TE-link and all of the LSPs in the TE-link
- D. A soft synchronization state where new traffic is not allowed
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The Soft Shutting Down state in the NFM-T is an administrative maintenance state where services stay up but no new traffic can be routed over the TE-link. This state is used to prepare a TE-link for maintenance or decommissioning without affecting the existing services. The NFM-T sets the TE-link to Soft Shutting Down state by sending a Notify message with the Administrative State Change flag to the head-end node of the TE-link. The head-end node then stops accepting new LSP requests over the TE-link and sends a PathErr message with the Administrative State Change flag to all the tail-end nodes of the LSPs in the TE-link. The tail-end nodes then stop sending new traffic over the LSPs and send a ResvErr message with the Administrative State Change flag to all the intermediate nodes of the LSPs. The intermediate nodes then update their routing tables and stop forwarding new traffic over the LSPs. The existing traffic, however, continues to flow over the LSPs until they are manually deleted or rerouted by the NFM-T. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 33
Which label is swapped in an MPLS label stack at an intermediate node?
- A. The label with the highest value
- B. The label on the top
- C. The label on the bottom
- D. The label with the lowest value
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The label on the top of the MPLS label stack is swapped at an intermediate node. This is because the top label is the one that is visible to the node and determines the forwarding decision. The node looks up the top label in its label forwarding table and swaps it with a new label that corresponds to the next hop or destination. The node then forwards the packet to the next node, which repeats the same process. The bottom label is only used to indicate the end of the label stack and is not swapped. References : [Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia], [MPLS Label Stack - Nokia]
NEW QUESTION # 34
What does the SNC state with an uppercase "N" mean in a resource in NFM-T?
- A. Indicates it's currently using the Nominal resource assigned to it
- B. Indicates the nominal resource on a TE-link that is not in use
- C. Indicates if s a higher alarm state level
- D. Indicates it's using a link other than the Nominal
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The SNC state with an uppercase "N" means that the resource is currently using the nominal resource assigned to it. As explained in the previous question, a nominal resource is the default or preferred resource that is assigned to an LSP when it is created. If an LSP is using the nominal resource on a TE-link, it means that the LSP has not been rerouted or switched due to any failure or constraint violation. In this case, the SNC state of the resource will be "N", indicating that it is in use by an LSP12. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 35
Which of the following parameters is not considered when restoring an LSP?
- A. Maximum latency
- B. Coloring
- C. Equipment vendor
- D. Reservation priority
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The equipment vendor is not a parameter that is considered when restoring an LSP. Restoration is the process of re-establishing an LSP after a failure by using an alternative path that meets the same constraints as the original LSP. The parameters that are considered when restoring an LSP include coloring, reservation priority, maximum latency, bandwidth, protection type, and other QoS attributes. The equipment vendor does not affect the restoration process as long as the nodes support GMPLS protocols and interoperate with each other. References : RFC 4427 - Recovery (Protection and Restoration) Terminology for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS), [Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia]
NEW QUESTION # 36
How is the GMRE functionality guaranteed in Nokia equipment?
- A. Redundant LAN cables guarantee GMRE functionality
- B. The specific software configuration guarantees GMRE functionality
- C. Controller redundancy guarantees GMRE functionality
- D. Rack redundancy guarantees GMRE functionality in case of a power outage
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMRE functionality is guaranteed in Nokia equipment by controller redundancy. The controller is the hardware component that runs the GMPLS software and controls the switching fabric of the node. Each node has two controllers, one active and one standby, that synchronize their states and databases. If the active controller fails, the standby controller takes over and ensures the continuity of the GMRE functionality. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS) | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 37
Automation is one of the key features of GMPLS. What is its main benefit?
- A. Supporting multi-vendor networks
- B. Reducing OPEX
- C. Reducing CAPEX
- D. Providing resilience against multiple failures
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Automation is one of the key features of GMPLS that allows dynamic provisioning of optical transport connections between IP routers and optical network elements2. Automation reduces the operational time and administrative overhead required to provision new connectivity, which in turn reduces the operational expenditure (OPEX) of the network. Reducing CAPEX, providing resilience against multiple failures, and supporting multi-vendor networks are not direct benefits of automation, but rather possible outcomes of using GMPLS in general. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: GMPLS - Nokia
* 3: Traffic survivability through Protection and Restoration Combined (PRC) - YouTube
* [4]: GMPLS: Architecture and Applications - Google Books
NEW QUESTION # 38
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Nokia 4A0-220 certification exam covers a wide range of topics related to GMPLS-controlled optical networks, including network design and planning, network management and optimization, and network security. 4A0-220 exam also covers advanced topics such as traffic engineering, path computation, and optical switching. Individuals who pass the exam will have demonstrated a comprehensive understanding of GMPLS technology and its applications in optical networks, making them valuable assets to any organization that relies on advanced optical networking solutions.
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