Geraldine: The medical profession claims that it is constantly refining its diagnostic techniques so as to improve its ability to treat those who are ill, but I suspect that this is all Just obfuscation. Anyone who really wants to know why medical diagnoses have increased in recent years need look only at the tremendous amount of money that is made manufacturing, advertising, and distributing drugs.
Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in evaluating Geraldine's explanation?

• A. Whether in recent years medical professionals have prescrfoed different medications than they did in years past for certain ailments
• B. Whether the medical profession's diagnostic techniques have changed significantly in recent years
• C. Whether in recent years the amount of money that was made manufacturing, advertising, and distributing drugs was greater than the amount of money that was made by the physicians who diagnosed ailments
• D. Whether in recent years those who were prescribed drugs reported that they were satisfied with the treatment they received
• E. Whether in recent years diagnoses of ailments treated by nondrug therapies have increased at a more rapid rate than diagnoses of ailments treated by drugs

Economist: It is generally less expensive to lower carbon dioxide emissions by building new low-emission power plants than by renovating existing ones. Therefore, developed nations that have little need to build new power plants can most efficiently help to lower global emissions by subsidizing the construction of new low-emission power plants in rapidly developing nations where many power plants are being constructed.
In order to evaluate the strength of the economist's argument, it would be most helpful to know which of the following?

• A. What, if any, methods of lowering carbon dioxide emissions are more efficient than building new low-emission power plants
• B. How many rapidly developing nations are constructing new tow-emission power plants
• C. Whether any developed nations have subsidized efficient new low-emission power plants in rapidly developing nations
• D. How much it would cost developed nations to lower global carbon dioxide emissions by renovating their own existing power plants
• E. Why It is less expensive to tower carbon dioxide emissions by building new low-emission power plants than by renovating existing ones

The cube of one positive real number equals the square of a second positive real number. What is the product of the 2 numbers?
(1) The second number is twice the first number.
(2) The cube of the second number is 32 times the square of the first number.

• A. statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
• B. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
• C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
• D. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
• E. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.

Though unified in their opposition to drilling in the Arctic, the authors' opposition to drilling elsewhere was less vocal.

• A. The authors, though unified In their opposition to drilling in the Arctic, were less vocal In their opposition to drilling elsewhere.
• B. The authors' opposition, although unified on drilling in the Arctic, was less vocal to drilling elsewhere.
• C. Though unified in their opposition to drilling in the Arctic, the authors' opposition was less vocal to drilling elsewhere.
• D. Though unified in their opposition to drilling in the Arctic, the authors were less vocal to opposing drilling elsewhere.
• E. Though unified in their opposition to drilling in the Arctic, the authors' opposition to drilling elsewhere was less vocal.

The primary purpose of the passage is to

• A. explain why some of the subjects in the study did not commit the conjunction fallacy
• B. illustrate how the formulation of choices in terms of betting can eliminate certain forms of ambiguity
• C. discuss why the conjunction fallacy is a mistake
• D. describe the conjunction fallacy and consider evidence as to whether it is in fact widely committed
• E. Identify an area In which mathematical probability theory needs to make further advancements

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